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AbstractPediatric dentists rely on access to hospital operating rooms for safe, effective, and humane delivery of dental care. The children who benefit most from dental treatment in a hospital operating room are those who are very young, have dental anxieties or phobias, are precommunicative or noncommunicative, need extensive or invasive dental treatments, or have special healthcare needs. Diminishing access to hospital operating rooms for pediatric dental treatment has become an escalating problem in contemporary times. Financial barriers, hospital costs, reimbursement rates, health insurance policies and deductibles, out-of-network hospitals, socioeconomic factors, and the COVID-19 pandemic are prominent contributing factors. This problem in access to care has resulted in long waiting times for hospital operating rooms, deferral of medically necessary dental care, and pain and infection among this vulnerable patient population. Pediatric dentists have responded to the problem by utilizing alternative methods of care delivery, such as in-office deep sedation or in-office general anesthesia, and by implementing aggressive medical management of dental caries. However, the youngest of pediatric patients and children with special healthcare needs still remain at a disadvantage in receiving definitive dental treatment. This article aims to highlight the ethical challenges faced by pediatric dentists in contemporary practice in the face of limitations in hospital operating room access through four case scenarios.
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COVID-19 , Dental Caries , Child , Humans , Pediatric Dentistry , Operating Rooms , Pandemics , HospitalsABSTRACT
Humans are social by nature, and the current physical distancing due to COVID has converted many of our daily interactions into virtual ones. Among the negative consequences of this, we find the lack of an element that is essential to humans' well-being, which is the physical touch. We explore the Digital Twin technology's prospect to support in reducing the impact of this on humans. We provide a definition of the concept of Robo Twin and explain its role in mediating the human interactions. Besides, we survey research works related Digital Twin's physical representation with a focus on underactuated Digital Twin's robotic hands. In this survey, we aim at providing findings from literature, to support researchers' decisions in the adoption and use of existing designs and implementations of Digital Twin's robotic hands, and to inform future research on current challenges and gaps in existing research works. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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In statistical process control, the control charts are an effective tool to monitor the process. When the process is examined based on an exponential family distributed response variable along with a single explanatory variable, the generalized linear model (GLM) provides better estimates and GLM-based charts are preferred. This study is designed to propose GLM-based control charts using different link functions (i.e., logit, probit, c-log-log, and cauchit) with the binary response variable. The Pearson residuals (PR)- and deviance residuals (DR)-based control charts for logistic regression are proposed under different link functions. For evaluation purposes, a simulation study is designed to evaluate the performance of the proposed control charts. The results are compared based on the average run length (ARL). Moreover, the proposed charts are implemented on a real application for COVID-19 death monitoring. The Monte Carlo simulation study and real applications show that the performance of the model-based control charts with the c-log-log link function gives a better performance as compared to model-based control charts with other link functions. © 2023 by the authors.
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One of the important measures to prevent the speed o which Covid-19 was spreading was hand washing, it was a simple and main preventive measure that can be done by any person independently. Hand wash using soap or sanitizer was the primary defense to stop the spreading covid-19 disease. In this research paper, we have assessed the actual hand washing/ hand sanitizer practice among the various age group during a pandemic and also after the pandemic. Observational and demonstration was conducted among graduate, undergraduate, government employee, and school children. A total of 300 participants were done in our study. We collected this data using a checklist and questionnaire through observation. Both types of logistic regressions: Bi-variate & Multivariate were used to show the relationship between test and target variables. As per our observation, there was a significant change in practicing WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene) after the covid-19. Local government and social activities have played an important role in this significant change as per our study. Sanitation and Hygiene were of important practices even before the pandemic among health care workers but it was not as effectively practiced by the common citizens. WHO has started project WASH (water sanitation and hygiene) strategy 2018-2025 as it is crucial for human health and well-being. WASH can be the most important preventive measure for most diseases. This was very much evident and practiced by most people during the pandemic. Copyright © 2022, Anka Publishers. All rights reserved.
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Objectives: To evaluate the clinical features, outcome and poor prognostic factors of COVID-19 in rheumatic disease patients. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and duration of Study: Department of Rheumatology, Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi, from Mar to Sep 2020. Methodology: The study included rheumatic disease patients with COVID-19. Patients' age, gender, smoking status;details of rheumatic disorder;method of COVID-19 diagnosis, treatment and outcomes were recorded. Results: The study included 46 patients. Overall mortality rate was 23.8%. The most common symptoms were fever (35, 83.3%), cough (26, 61.9%) and myalgia (23, 54.8%). Dyspnea was associated with mortality (p=0.013), ICU admission (p<0.001), ventilation (p=0.02) and hospitalization (p<0.001). NSAIDs increased the risk of ventilatory support (p= 0.02). Long term steroids predicted mortality (p=0.02), hospitalization (p=0.014) and intensive care admission (p=0.004). Steroid and Hydroxy-chloroquine treatment for COVID-19 was associated with intensive care admission (p= 0.001 and 0.006, respectively) and ventilation (p=0 .007 and 0.03, respectively). Mycophenolate Mofetil was related to intensive care admission, ventilation and hospitalization (p=0.03, 0.03 and 0.02, respectively), whereas Cyclophosphamide was related to hospitalization (p= 0.03). Systemic lupus erythematosus was associated with all poor outcomes except ventilation (p<0.05) Conclusion: Systemic lupus erythematosus, long-term steroids, Mycophenolate Mofetil, Cyclophosphamide and Dyspnea are associated with severe COVID-19. © 2022, Army Medical College. All rights reserved.
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OBJECTIVE: Our New York City Municipal Public Health System-based multisite ambulatory and school-based Gotham Health clinics offer waived point-of-care tests and provider-performed microscopy to the local communities. Our Gotham Health laboratory service conducts system-wide centralized implementation, monitoring, and oversight of the POCT operations. Laboratory staffing has always been an issue for us as there is a decades-long shortage of laboratory staff, primarily licensed medical technologists and technicians, in New York, like many other states. Our clinical laboratory operations team struggled to hire qualified people even before the COVID-19 pandemic onset. It has faced more significant challenges with the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic cases in New York City and across the country since mid-March 2020. METHODS: As staffing continues to be a struggle, it directly affected the POCT performances and a system-wide reduction in the test numbers during the pandemic. We investigated to identify the factors that made staffing more challenging. RESULTS: The impact on our POCT started after laboratory staff relocated to the acute care hospital laboratories to provide testing support during the pandemic's peak. That caused significant delays or complete cessation of POCT operations in the clinics due to a lack of oversight support. We also experienced the risk of more vacated positions where staff already feel overworked, overwhelmed, and emotionally drained, causing professional burnout. The significant challenges identified are noncompliance with vaccine mandates resulting in job dismissal and voluntary resignations in exchange for higher-paying laboratories. Finally, the other challenges identified were frequent sick calls due to mental fatigue, retirement of seasoned staff, and inability to attract qualified technologists to meet the demands of increasing test-ordering patterns. CONCLUSIONS: Determining the factors that culminated in the staffing issues becoming more challenging during the COVID-19 pandemic in our ambulatory care clinic laboratory operations will help us in future crisis planning and mitigation.
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This research paper aims to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on consumer behavior and the strategic adjustment implemented by small to medium-size businesses. Consumer behavior has been altered. It has made organizations react to survive. To understand emerging consumer behavior, and how organizations mitigate the changes in the environment, a qualitative study on small to medium size business owners was conducted in October-November 2020. An intensive 60-minute, semi-structured interview was conducted with 23 business owners in Jakarta and its surrounding cities. The findings revealed that there are positive and negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on business depending on the industry type. The type of industry also influenced the scale of the effect. Regardless of the impact, most business owners were optimistic about their businesses surviving. Consumer behavior changed to involving less human interaction, for example going online, and people became more cost-conscious. Business owners mitigated the change with a change in the type of products offered, offering promotions or price reductions and online access. From the business owners' perspective, some of the new behavior will remain after the pandemic, whilst others will revert to the old behavior. Those that offer convenience and simplicity will stay. © Iran University of Science and Technology 2022.
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Oman has performed very well in the healthcare sector since 1970, it has achieved great heights in healthcare delivery. As per world bank data 2020, Oman has achieved 99% in providing basic sanitation services among its citizen and it has maintained this level since 2015.[1]. Centre of Studies Research-CSR-MOH has prepared a strategic plan “Health Vision 2050 for Health Research “to make Oman a regional leader in the Research & Development of Health Sector. As per this document, its mission is to provide a platform and conduct Research in the healthcare sector to address and prioritize healthcare services and reduce inequality in healthcare services among its citizen. This can be a major boost and contribute to socioeconomic development irrespective of the income among the Omani citizen. [2]. For any country to become prosperous needs a large pool of human capital, which can be achieved by providing good education and cheap health services to its citizen. Efficient human capitols lead to a good economy which further leads good GDP for any country. We can say the GDP of any country and its human capital complement each other. In this research paper, I have studied and analyzed the “Income & Expenditure” dataset from the data portal offal Al-Dakhliyah region of Oman, Health Vision document-2050, and Oman World Health Survey-2008. As per the report, Oman has scored very well ahead among the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) in economic stability, health, civil society, governance, and environment, in current-level Sustainable Economic Development Assessment (SEDA) scores, according to a report.[9]. In this research paper, we have reviewed and studied the impact of family income on sanitation, hygiene, and disease. Qualitative and quantitative methods like data collection using questionnaires, and world bank data and also reviewed various related research papers for our analysis. In this research paper, we have compared pre & post covid impacts on sanitation and hygiene practices among Omani citizens. A systematic review of published literature (2000-2019) evaluating the impact of family income on sanitation, hygiene, and disease. In low-and middle-income families [we used world bank data], we sought to examine the relationship between WASH provisions in healthcare facilities (HCF) and patient satisfaction/care-seeking behavior.[3].
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The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). Covid-19infection is an ongoing pandemic with high morbidity and mortality, spread from one infected personto another through respiratory airway droplets.Covid-19circulatesin many organs, including the heart, kidneys, brain, etc.Ocular symptoms, along with other symptoms, may help diagnose COVID-19. Covid-19 ocular signs of dry eyes, weeping, itching, redness, eye discomfort, foreign body feeling, elevated CRP, Procalcitonin (PCT), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) levels, indicating an immunologic response and disease severity. There was a positive correlation between high temperature and visual symptoms.
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COVID-19 or Coronavirus Disease 2019 has become a global pandemic until several countries have implemented social distancing in restrictions on human activities. The Indonesian Government, in early 2020, set a PSBB (Large-Scale Social Restriction) policy. Still, as the COVID-19 Pandemic progressed, the Indonesian Government finally changed the PSBB and implemented the PPKM (Enforcement of Community Activity Restrictions) policy. COVID-19 has an impact on decreasing human and industrial activities. On the other hand, this will be beneficial due to a decrease in air pollutants. Pollutants come from motor vehicle fumes or other industrial activities. The types of pollutants carried out in this research are Carbon Monoxide (CO), Ozone (O3), Sulfur Dioxide (S02), and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2). Using Sentinel-5P Imagery, which can record pollutant activity with the daily temporal resolution, the effect of the number of pollutants on the COVID-19 Pandemic can be investigated using the Google Earth Engine and the correlation test method to relate the effect of pollutant concentrations to BMKG meteorological data. The correlation test of pollutant data on sentinel 5P images with BMKG data shows a strong correlation of 0.5045 and 0.795 in Central Java. In addition, changes in the decrease in CO, NO2, and O3 gases occurred in November 2020 - December 2020. Monitoring of pollutants in Java During the COVID-19 Pandemic was packaged in the Website and Google Earth Engine. According to users, the application obtained a usability test result of 89%
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Background The Covid-19 pandemic have forced the education sector of every country to adopt a relatively unconventional method of teaching i.e., Online Education. However, it faces many challenges of its own. Aim: To discuss the challenges to online medical education during the Covid-19 pandemic in medical colleges of Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional type of quantitative study using a self-administered online questionnaire using Google Forms® was administered to 508 students from all the medical colleges of Pakistan. Results: Majority of subjects preferred face-to-face learning (70.9%) before Covid-19 pandemic and had beginner level online exposure (60. 6%). Overall, 85.8% of participants found the impact of shifting to online learning as negative. A variety of challenges were faced by the students with decreased attention span being most common followed by strain on mental health, problem in communication and taking exams. Conclusion: Covid-19 related lockdown led to new culture of education. Medical students had difficulty adapting to this but a faction of student wanted to use and discover online learning more.
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Introduction: The SARS-CoV-2 virus introduction and subsequent COVID-19 pandemic have had a profound impact on normal dentistry, particularly periodontal treatment, around the world. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the infection surveillance, emergency treatment, economic setbacks, and stress endured by periodontists of South India during COVID-19. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to July 2021 among periodontists in South India. A total of 300 periodontists were chosen through the randomized sampling technique. The data were collected using a self-reported closed-end questionnaire consisting of 38 questions through Google Forms. The information was entered into a database and analyzed using SPSS program version 16.0. Results: A total of 300 people took part in the survey, 277 (92.3%) dentists responded to the survey in its entirety. Periodontists and postgraduates made up 24.18% and 75.9% of those who responded, respectively. For all of the questions asked, there was a statistically significant difference among the responses. The majority of respondents agreed on questions about periodontists' knowledge, practice, mentality, and financial setbacks concerning the COVID-19 epidemic. Conclusion: Most of the periodontists that we surveyed have adequate knowledge about SARS-CoV-2 and have been taking adequate measures in preventing the spread of the disease. This pandemic has a negative impact on the periodontists. This study indicates a high level of depression among a significant number of periodontists. It is important to monitor and address the mental health needs of practitioners during the pandemic. The knowledge, awareness, and attitudes regarding teledentistry were found to be satisfactory among the periodontists.
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Inhibition of cathepsin L (Cat L) can be considered a target for COVID -19 treatment. Starchytapheta jamaicensis is a plant from the Verbenaceae family that is commonly used for medicinal purposes. This study aims to analyze the inhibitory activities of compounds of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis toward Cat L by computational docking analysis. Ten compounds contained in the extracts (i.e., alpha-spinasterol, apigenin, luteolo1-7-glucuronide, friedelin, hispidulin, chlorogenic acid, ipolamiide, geraniol, hentriacontane, and gamma-aminobutyric acid) were selected as ligands;decanoyl-arg-val-lys-argchloromethylketone and oxocarbazate were used as the reference. Computational docking analysis was performed using Autodock Vina integrated into PyRx 8.0 and visualized using the Discovery Studio Visualizer v19.1.0.18287 (2019 version) based on the scoring functions. Seven bioactive compounds were bound more strongly than decanoyl-arg-val-lys-argchloromethylketone: alpha-spinasterol, apigenin, luteolol-7-glucuronide, friedelin, hispidulin, chlorogenic acid, and ipolamiide. However, all bioactive compounds were bound with less strength than oxocarbazate. Apigenin showed the best affinity, with much hydrogen bonding, and had the same ASN18 residue as Cat L inhibitor 1. Pre ADMET showed that all compounds of S. jamaicensis did not have hepatotoxicity, mutagenic, and carcinogenic criteria. The current research indicates that S. jamaicensis compounds can be used as an inhibitor for Cat L and as a COVID-19 drug candidate.
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During the COVID-19 pandemic, surface disinfection using prevailing chemical disinfection methods had several limitations. Due to cost-inefficiency and the inability to disinfect shaded places, static UVC lamps cannot address these limitations properly. Moreover, the average market price of the prevailing UVC robots is huge, approximately 55,165 USD. In this research firstly, a requirement elicitation study was conducted using a semi-structured interview approach to reveal the requirements to develop a cost-effective UVC robot. Secondly, a semi-autonomous robot named UVC-PURGE was developed based on the revealed requirements. Thirdly, a two-phased evaluation study was undertaken to validate the effectiveness of UVC-PURGE to inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the capability of semi-autonomous navigation in the first phase and to evaluate the usability of the system through a hybrid approach of SUPR-Q forms and subjective evaluation of the user feedback in the second phase. Pre-treatment swab testing revealed the presence of both Gram-positive and Gram-Negative bacteria at 17 out of 20 test surfaces in the conducted tests. After the UVC irradiation of the robot, the microbial load was detected in only 2 (1D and 1H) out of 17 test surfaces with significant reductions (95.33% in 1D and 90.9% in 1H) of microbial load. Moreover, the usability evaluation yields an above-average SUPR-Q score of 81.91% with significant scores in all the criteria (usability, trust, loyalty, and appearance) and the number of positive themes from the subjective evaluation using thematic analysis is twice the number of negative themes. Additionally, compared with the prevailing UVC disinfection robots in the market, UVC-PURGE is cost-effective with a price of less than 800 USD. Moreover, small form factor along with the real time camera feedback in the developed system helps the user to navigate in congested places easily. The developed robot can be used in any indoor environment in this prevailing pandemic situation and it can also provide cost-effective disinfection in medical facilities against the long-term residual effect of COVID-19 in the post-pandemic era.
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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of cigarette smoking and health-related quality of life among Saudi secondary vocational students during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A convenience sample of 328 answered a web-based self-administered questionnaire based on the Youth Risky Behavior Monitoring System (YRBSS) plus the Short Form 12 (SF-12) were included in the study. The target population included all Saudi students enrolled at the Secondary Industrial Institute in Dammam, Saudi Arabia, during December 2020 and February 2021. RESULTS: Out of the total of 328 male participants, representing a response rate of 38.59%, the highest percentage of respondents were in the first year (45.4%), the mean age of the participants was 17.73 years with a standard deviation (SD) of 1.85 years. The prevalence of current smokers, past smokers, and never smokers accounted for 30.2%, 21.3%, and 48.5%, respectively. First-year students reported relatively high levels of smoking prevalence and low physical scores of health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The overall mean of HRQoL of current smokers, past smokers, and never smokers accounted for 58.60, 58.38, and 63.66, respectively. In addition, current smokers reported a relatively low physical score of HRQoL 55.73. CONCLUSION: This is the first report to explore the impact of smoking on HRQoL of Secondary Industrial Institute students in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results indicate that smoking has a negative impact on the quality of life of vocational students. Therefore, a health strategies plan may be developed to improve the quality of life for vocational students in Saudi Arabia. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of cigarette smoking and health-related quality of life among Saudi secondary vocational students during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A convenience sample of 328 answered a web-based self-administered questionnaire based on the Youth Risky Behavior Monitoring System (YRBSS) plus the Short Form 12 (SF-12) were included in the study. The target population included all Saudi students enrolled at the Secondary Industrial Institute in Dammam, Saudi Arabia, during December 2020 and February 2021. RESULTS: Out of the total of 328 male participants, representing a response rate of 38.59%, the highest percentage of respondents were in the first year (45.4%), the mean age of the participants was 17.73 years with a standard deviation (SD) of 1.85 years. The prevalence of current smokers, past smokers, and never smokers accounted for 30.2%, 21.3%, and 48.5%, respectively. First-year students reported relatively high levels of smoking prevalence and low physical scores of health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The overall mean of HRQoL of current smokers, past smokers, and never smokers accounted for 58.60, 58.38, and 63.66, respectively. In addition, current smokers reported a relatively low physical score of HRQoL 55.73. CONCLUSION: This is the first report to explore the impact of smoking on HRQoL of Secondary Industrial Institute students in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results indicate that smoking has a negative impact on the quality of life of vocational students. Therefore, a health strategies plan may be developed to improve the quality of life for vocational students in Saudi Arabia.
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Quality of Life , Tobacco Smoking/adverse effects , Adolescent , COVID-19 , Humans , Male , Pandemics , Prevalence , Risk-Taking , Saudi Arabia , Students , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Many kinds of research on drug discovery using computational or in silico methods have been carried out. In this era of the Covid-19 pandemic, this research was also carried out by utilizing a commonly used technique, namely using machine learning to predict the interaction of compounds and proteins. This technique is known as Drug Target Interaction (DTI). The compounds used are herbal originating from Indonesia, and the protein used is a potential Covid-19 protein, one of which is SARS-CoV-2. The prediction process with machine learning can only be done on structured data. The data on herbal and protein were processed in this research using the Fingerprint as a descriptor compound and Pseudo Amino Acid Composition (PseAAC) as a protein descriptor technique. The result is structured data processed with the Support Vector Machine algorithm to create an interaction prediction model. The result is that the prediction accuracy is 95.96%. Furthermore, this model can predict Indonesian herbal compounds as drug candidates for Covid-19 supportive therapy. © 2021 IEEE.
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Early reports suggest that alcohol misuse increased in 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using retrospective data from Henry Ford Health System in Detroit MI-an area that experienced an early and severe COVID-19 outbreak-we investigated the impact of the pandemic on alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD) in the summer of 2020 compared with the same period in 2016-2019. Both the number of ARLD admissions and the proportion of total admissions represented by ARLD patients increased significantly in 2020 compared with previous years. The number of ARLD admissions as a proportion of all hospitalizations was 50% higher in 2020 than in 2016-2019 (0.31% vs 0.21%; P = .0013); by September 2020, the number of admissions was 66% higher than previous years. Despite racial and geographical disparities in direct and indirect COVID-related stressors across the Detroit metropolitan area, the demographic profile of ARLD patients did not change compared with previous years.
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COVID-19 , Hepatitis, Alcoholic , COVID-19/epidemiology , Hepatitis, Alcoholic/epidemiology , Hospitalization , Humans , Pandemics , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
This study investigated the health-promoting activities of methanolic extracts of Ajwa date seed and fruit pulp extracts through in vitro studies. These studies confirmed potential antioxidant, anti-hemolytic, anti-proteolytic, and anti-bacterial activities associated with Ajwa dates. The EC50 values of fruit pulp and seed extracts in methanol were reported to be 1580.35 ± 0.37 and 1272.68 ± 0.27 µg/mL, respectively, in the DPPH test. The maximum percentage of hydrogen peroxide-reducing activity was 71.3 and 65.38% for both extracts at 600 µg/mL. Fruit pulp and seed extracts inhibited heat-induced BSA denaturation by 68.11 and 60.308%, heat-induced hemolysis by 63.84% and 58.10%, and hypersalinity-induced hemolysis by 61.71% and 57.27%, and showed the maximum anti-proteinase potential of 56.8 and 51.31% at 600 µg/mL, respectively. Seed and fruit pulp inhibited heat-induced egg albumin denaturation at the same concentration by 44.31 and 50.84%, respectively. Ajwa seed showed minimum browning intensity by 63.2%, percent aggregation index by 64.2%, and amyloid structure by 63.8% at 600 µg/mL. At 100 mg/mL, Ajwa seed extract exhibited good antibacterial activity. Molecular docking analysis showed that ten active constituents of Ajwa seeds bind with the critical antioxidant enzymes, catalase (1DGH) and superoxide dismutase (5YTU). The functional residues involved in such interactions include Arg72, Ala357, and Leu144 in 1DGH, and Gly37, Pro13, and Asp11 in 5YTU. Hence, Ajwa dates can be used to develop a suitable alternative therapy in various diseases, including diabetes and possibly COVID-19-associated complications.
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The inflationary illness caused by extreme acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious and deadly disease. COVID-19 was first found in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and has since spread worldwide. Globally, there have been more than 198 M cases and over 4.22 M deaths, as of the first of Augest, 2021. Therefore, an automated and fast diagnosis system needs to be introduced as a simple, alternative diagnosis choice to avoid the spread of COVID-19. The main contributions of this research are 1) the COVID-19 Period Detection System (CPDS), that used to detect the symptoms periods or classes, i.e., healthy period, which mean the no COVID19, the period of the first six days of symptoms (i.e., COVID-19 positive cases from day 1 to day 6), and the third period of infection more than six days of symptoms (i.e., COVID-19 positive cases from day 6 and more): 2) the COVID19 Detection System (CDS) that used to determine if the X-ray images normal, i.e., healthy case or infected, i.e., COVID-19 positive cases;3) the collection of database consists of three different categories or groups based on the basis of time interval of offset of Symptoms. For CPDS, the VGG-19 perform to 96% accuracy, 90% Fl score, 91% average precision, and 91% average recall. For CDS, the VGG-19 perform to 100% accuracy, 99% F1 score, 100% average precision, and 99% average recall.
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Research related to geological materials that are useful for health in Indonesia (bio-geo-prospective) for health is still being developed. This article opens a new perspective on the possibility of using melatonin in bats guano rock in attenuating COVID-19 based on the prospect of its occurrence. The current outbreak of the COVID-19 virus is a pandemic that has infected hundreds of thousands of patients worldwide which certainly requires good medication. To determine the presence of bioactive chemicals in sediment rocks both qualitatively (types) and quantitatively (levels) can be done by analyzing the active compounds (compounds (chemical compounds that have medicinal properties). While obtaining these active compounds can be done by isolating the active compounds. The isolated pure compound can be further developed into modern medicine. A sensitive and validated method for the melatonin determination by developed High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with fluorescence detection with an extraction procedure of direct sample extraction (DSE) in measure melatonin levels in bats guano rock. The test validation shows that the use of this method is very successful as indicated by the high correlation coefficient value of 0.9997, the RSDs (n = 3) of 4.35% and the LOD values is 0.0236 (ng / g FW) and LOQ 0.1283 (ng / g FW). The average melatonin content in guano stones was 24+ 0.18 ng / g FW. © 2021, Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, c/o Dr. Pratima Sharma. All rights reserved.